18
2
2
0.0 0.0
1.0 0.0
0.0 1.0
2.0 1.0
1.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
2.0 0.0
0.0 2.0
7.0 6.0
7.0 7.0
7.0 8.0
8.0 6.0
8.0 7.0
8.0 8.0
8.0 9.0
9.0 7.0
9.0 8.0
9.0 9.0
二、欧几里得距离：
欧几里得距离定义： 欧几里得距离（ Euclidean distance）也称欧氏距离，在n维空间内，最短的线的长度即为其欧氏距离。它是一个通常采用的距离定义，它是在m维空间中两个点之间的真实距离。
在二维和三维空间中的欧式距离的就是两点之间的距离，二维的公式是
d = sqrt((x1-x2)^+(y1-y2)^)
三维的公式是
d=sqrt((x1-x2)^+(y1-y2)^+(z1-z2)^)
推广到n维空间，欧式距离的公式是
d=sqrt( ∑(xi1-xi2)^ ) 这里i=1,2..n
xi1表示第一个点的第i维坐标,xi2表示第二个点的第i维坐标
n维欧氏空间是一个点集,它的每个点可以表示为(x(1),x(2),...x(n)),其中x(i)(i=1,2...n)是实数,称为x的第i个坐标,两个点x和y=(y(1),y(2)...y(n))之间的距离d(x,y)定义为上面的公式.
欧氏距离看作信号的相似程度。 距离越近就越相似，就越容易相互干扰，误码率就越高。
三、代码示例
/****************************************************************************
* *
* KMEANS *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
// FUNCTION PROTOTYPES
// DEFINES
#define SUCCESS 1
#define FAILURE 0
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define MAXVECTDIM 20
#define MAXPATTERN 20
#define MAXCLUSTER 10
char *f2a(double x, int width){
char cbuf[255];
char *cp;
int i,k;
int d,s;
cp=fcvt(x,width,&d,&s);
if (s) {
strcpy(cbuf,"-");
}
else {
strcpy(cbuf," ");
} /* endif */
if (d>0) {
for (i=0; i<d; i++) {
cbuf[i+1]=cp[i];
} /* endfor */
cbuf[d+1]=0;
cp+=d;
strcat(cbuf,".");
strcat(cbuf,cp);
} else {
if (d==0) {
strcat(cbuf,".");
strcat(cbuf,cp);
}
else {
k=-d;
strcat(cbuf,".");
for (i=0; i<k; i++) {
strcat(cbuf,"0");
} /* endfor */
strcat(cbuf,cp);
} /* endif */
} /* endif */
cp=&cbuf[0];
return cp;
}
// ***** Defined structures & classes *****
struct aCluster {
double Center[MAXVECTDIM];
int Member[MAXPATTERN]; //Index of Vectors belonging to this cluster
int NumMembers;
};
struct aVector {
double Center[MAXVECTDIM];
int Size;
};
class System {
private:
double Pattern[MAXPATTERN][MAXVECTDIM+1];
aCluster Cluster[MAXCLUSTER];
int NumPatterns; // Number of patterns
int SizeVector; // Number of dimensions in vector
int NumClusters; // Number of clusters
void DistributeSamples(); // Step 2 of K-means algorithm
int CalcNewClustCenters();// Step 3 of K-means algorithm
double EucNorm(int, int); // Calc Euclidean norm vector
int FindClosestCluster(int); //ret indx of clust closest to pattern
//whose index is arg
public:
void system();
int LoadPatterns(char *fname); // Get pattern data to be clustered
void InitClusters(); // Step 1 of K-means algorithm
void RunKMeans(); // Overall control K-means process
void ShowClusters(); // Show results on screen
void SaveClusters(char *fname); // Save results to file
void ShowCenters();
};
//输出聚类中心
void System::ShowCenters(){
int i,j;
printf("Cluster centers:\n");
for (i=0; i<NumClusters; i++) {
Cluster[i].Member[0]=i;
printf("ClusterCenter[%d]=(%f,%f)\n",i,Cluster[i].Center[0],Cluster[i].Center[1]);
} /* endfor */
printf("\n");
getchar();
}
//读取文件
int System::LoadPatterns(char *fname)
{
FILE *InFilePtr;
int i,j;
double x;
if((InFilePtr = fopen(fname, "r")) == NULL)
return FAILURE;
fscanf(InFilePtr, "%d", &NumPatterns); // Read # of patterns 18数据量
fscanf(InFilePtr, "%d", &SizeVector); // Read dimension of vector 2维度
fscanf(InFilePtr, "%d", &NumClusters); // Read # of clusters for K-Means 2簇
for (i=0; i<NumPatterns; i++) { // For each vector
for (j=0; j<SizeVector; j++) { // create a pattern
fscanf(InFilePtr,"%lg",&x); // consisting of all elements
Pattern[i][j]=x;
} /* endfor */
} /* endfor */
//输出所有数据元素
printf("Input patterns:\n");
for (i=0; i<NumPatterns; i++) {
printf("Pattern[%d]=(%2.3f,%2.3f)\n",i,Pattern[i][0],Pattern[i][1]);
} /* endfor */
printf("\n--------------------\n");
getchar();
return SUCCESS;
}
//***************************************************************************
// InitClusters *
// Arbitrarily assign a vector to each of the K clusters *
// We choose the first K vectors to do this *
//***************************************************************************
//初始化聚类中心
void System::InitClusters(){
int i,j;
printf("Initial cluster centers:\n");
for (i=0; i<NumClusters; i++) {
Cluster[i].Member[0]=i;
for (j=0; j<SizeVector; j++) {
Cluster[i].Center[j]=Pattern[i][j];
} /* endfor */
} /* endfor */
for (i=0; i<NumClusters; i++) {
printf("ClusterCenter[%d]=(%f,%f)\n",i,Cluster[i].Center[0],Cluster[i].Center[1]); //untransplant
} /* endfor */
printf("\n");
getchar();
}
//运行KMeans
void System::RunKMeans(){
int converged;
int pass;
pass=1;
converged=FALSE;
//第N次聚类
while (converged==FALSE) {
printf("PASS=%d\n",pass++);
DistributeSamples();
converged=CalcNewClustCenters();
ShowCenters();
getchar();
} /* endwhile */
}
//在二维和三维空间中的欧式距离的就是两点之间的距离，二维的公式是
//d = sqrt((x1-x2)^+(y1-y2)^)
//通过这种运算，就可以把所有列的属性都纳入进来
double System::EucNorm(int p, int c){ // Calc Euclidean norm of vector difference
double dist,x; // between pattern vector, p, and cluster
int i; // center, c.
char zout[128];
char znum[40];
char *pnum;
//
pnum=&znum[0];
strcpy(zout,"d=sqrt(");
printf("The distance from pattern %d to cluster %d is calculated as:\n",p,c);
dist=0;
for (i=0; i<SizeVector ;i++){
//拼写字符串
x=(Cluster[c].Center[i]-Pattern[p][i])*(Cluster[c].Center[i]-Pattern[p][i]);
strcat(zout,f2a(x,4));
if (i==0)
strcat(zout,"+");
//计算距离
dist += (Cluster[c].Center[i]-Pattern[p][i])*(Cluster[c].Center[i]-Pattern[p][i]);
} /* endfor */
printf("%s)\n",zout);
return dist;
}
//查找最近的群集
int System::FindClosestCluster(int pat){
int i, ClustID;
double MinDist, d;
MinDist =9.9e+99;
ClustID=-1;
for (i=0; i<NumClusters; i++) {
d=EucNorm(pat,i);
printf("Distance from pattern %d to cluster %d is %f\n\n",pat,i,sqrt(d));
if (d<MinDist) {
MinDist=d;
ClustID=i;
} /* endif */
} /* endfor */
if (ClustID<0) {
printf("Aaargh");
exit(0);
} /* endif */
return ClustID;
}
//
void System::DistributeSamples(){
int i,pat,Clustid,MemberIndex;
//Clear membership list for all current clusters
for (i=0; i<NumClusters;i++){
Cluster[i].NumMembers=0;
}
for (pat=0; pat<NumPatterns; pat++) {
//Find cluster center to which the pattern is closest
Clustid= FindClosestCluster(pat);//查找最近的聚类中心
printf("patern %d assigned to cluster %d\n\n",pat,Clustid);
//post this pattern to the cluster
MemberIndex=Cluster[Clustid].NumMembers;
Cluster[Clustid].Member[MemberIndex]=pat;
Cluster[Clustid].NumMembers++;
} /* endfor */
}
//计算新的群集中心
int System::CalcNewClustCenters(){
int ConvFlag,VectID,i,j,k;
double tmp[MAXVECTDIM];
char xs[255];
char ys[255];
char nc1[20];
char nc2[20];
char *pnc1;
char *pnc2;
char *fpv;
pnc1=&nc1[0];
pnc2=&nc2[0];
ConvFlag=TRUE;
printf("The new cluster centers are now calculated as:\n");
for (i=0; i<NumClusters; i++) { //for each cluster
pnc1=itoa(Cluster[i].NumMembers,nc1,10);
pnc2=itoa(i,nc2,10);
strcpy(xs,"Cluster Center");
strcat(xs,nc2);
strcat(xs,"(1/");
strcpy(ys,"(1/");
strcat(xs,nc1);
strcat(ys,nc1);
strcat(xs,")(");
strcat(ys,")(");
for (j=0; j<SizeVector; j++) { // clear workspace
tmp[j]=0.0;
} /* endfor */
for (j=0; j<Cluster[i].NumMembers; j++) { //traverse member vectors
VectID=Cluster[i].Member[j];
for (k=0; k<SizeVector; k++) { //traverse elements of vector
tmp[k] += Pattern[VectID][k]; // add (member) pattern elmnt into temp
if (k==0) {
strcat(xs,f2a(Pattern[VectID][k],3));
} else {
strcat(ys,f2a(Pattern[VectID][k],3));
} /* endif */
} /* endfor */
if(j<Cluster[i].NumMembers-1){
strcat(xs,"+");
strcat(ys,"+");
}
else {
strcat(xs,")");
strcat(ys,")");
}
} /* endfor */
for (k=0; k<SizeVector; k++) { //traverse elements of vector
tmp[k]=tmp[k]/Cluster[i].NumMembers;
if (tmp[k] != Cluster[i].Center[k])
ConvFlag=FALSE;
Cluster[i].Center[k]=tmp[k];
} /* endfor */
printf("%s,\n",xs);
printf("%s\n",ys);
} /* endfor */
return ConvFlag;
}
//输出聚类
void System::ShowClusters(){
int cl;
for (cl=0; cl<NumClusters; cl++) {
printf("\nCLUSTER %d ==>[%f,%f]\n", cl,Cluster[cl].Center[0],Cluster[cl].Center[1]);
} /* endfor */
}
void System::SaveClusters(char *fname){
}
四、主调程序
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
System kmeans;
/*
if (argc<2) {
printf("USAGE: KMEANS PATTERN_FILE\n");
exit(0);
}*/
if (kmeans.LoadPatterns("KM2.DAT")==FAILURE ){
printf("UNABLE TO READ PATTERN_FILE:%s\n",argv[1]);
exit(0);
}
kmeans.InitClusters();
kmeans.RunKMeans();
kmeans.ShowClusters();
}
五、输出结果
Input patterns:
Pattern[0]=(0.000,0.000)
Pattern[1]=(1.000,0.000)
Pattern[2]=(0.000,1.000)
Pattern[3]=(2.000,1.000)
Pattern[4]=(1.000,2.000)
Pattern[5]=(2.000,2.000)
Pattern[6]=(2.000,0.000)
Pattern[7]=(0.000,2.000)
Pattern[8]=(7.000,6.000)
Pattern[9]=(7.000,7.000)
Pattern[10]=(7.000,8.000)
Pattern[11]=(8.000,6.000)
Pattern[12]=(8.000,7.000)
Pattern[13]=(8.000,8.000)
Pattern[14]=(8.000,9.000)
Pattern[15]=(9.000,7.000)
Pattern[16]=(9.000,8.000)
Pattern[17]=(9.000,9.000)
--------------------
Initial cluster centers:
ClusterCenter[0]=(0.000000,0.000000)
ClusterCenter[1]=(1.000000,0.000000)
PASS=1
The distance from pattern 0 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( .0000+ .0000)
Distance from pattern 0 to cluster 0 is 0.000000
The distance from pattern 0 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ .0000)
Distance from pattern 0 to cluster 1 is 1.000000
patern 0 assigned to cluster 0
The distance from pattern 1 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ .0000)
Distance from pattern 1 to cluster 0 is 1.000000
The distance from pattern 1 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( .0000+ .0000)
Distance from pattern 1 to cluster 1 is 0.000000
patern 1 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 2 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( .0000+ 1.0000)
Distance from pattern 2 to cluster 0 is 1.000000
The distance from pattern 2 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ 1.0000)
Distance from pattern 2 to cluster 1 is 1.414214
patern 2 assigned to cluster 0
The distance from pattern 3 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 4.0000+ 1.0000)
Distance from pattern 3 to cluster 0 is 2.236068
The distance from pattern 3 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ 1.0000)
Distance from pattern 3 to cluster 1 is 1.414214
patern 3 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 4 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ 4.0000)
Distance from pattern 4 to cluster 0 is 2.236068
The distance from pattern 4 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( .0000+ 4.0000)
Distance from pattern 4 to cluster 1 is 2.000000
patern 4 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 5 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 4.0000+ 4.0000)
Distance from pattern 5 to cluster 0 is 2.828427
The distance from pattern 5 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ 4.0000)
Distance from pattern 5 to cluster 1 is 2.236068
patern 5 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 6 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 4.0000+ .0000)
Distance from pattern 6 to cluster 0 is 2.000000
The distance from pattern 6 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ .0000)
Distance from pattern 6 to cluster 1 is 1.000000
patern 6 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 7 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( .0000+ 4.0000)
Distance from pattern 7 to cluster 0 is 2.000000
The distance from pattern 7 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 1.0000+ 4.0000)
Distance from pattern 7 to cluster 1 is 2.236068
patern 7 assigned to cluster 0
The distance from pattern 8 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 49.0000+ 36.0000)
Distance from pattern 8 to cluster 0 is 9.219544
The distance from pattern 8 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 36.0000+ 36.0000)
Distance from pattern 8 to cluster 1 is 8.485281
patern 8 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 9 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 49.0000+ 49.0000)
Distance from pattern 9 to cluster 0 is 9.899495
The distance from pattern 9 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 36.0000+ 49.0000)
Distance from pattern 9 to cluster 1 is 9.219544
patern 9 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 10 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 49.0000+ 64.0000)
Distance from pattern 10 to cluster 0 is 10.630146
The distance from pattern 10 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 36.0000+ 64.0000)
Distance from pattern 10 to cluster 1 is 10.000000
patern 10 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 11 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 64.0000+ 36.0000)
Distance from pattern 11 to cluster 0 is 10.000000
The distance from pattern 11 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 49.0000+ 36.0000)
Distance from pattern 11 to cluster 1 is 9.219544
patern 11 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 12 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 64.0000+ 49.0000)
Distance from pattern 12 to cluster 0 is 10.630146
The distance from pattern 12 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 49.0000+ 49.0000)
Distance from pattern 12 to cluster 1 is 9.899495
patern 12 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 13 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 64.0000+ 64.0000)
Distance from pattern 13 to cluster 0 is 11.313708
The distance from pattern 13 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 49.0000+ 64.0000)
Distance from pattern 13 to cluster 1 is 10.630146
patern 13 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 14 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 64.0000+ 81.0000)
Distance from pattern 14 to cluster 0 is 12.041595
The distance from pattern 14 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 49.0000+ 81.0000)
Distance from pattern 14 to cluster 1 is 11.401754
patern 14 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 15 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 81.0000+ 49.0000)
Distance from pattern 15 to cluster 0 is 11.401754
The distance from pattern 15 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 64.0000+ 49.0000)
Distance from pattern 15 to cluster 1 is 10.630146
patern 15 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 16 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 81.0000+ 64.0000)
Distance from pattern 16 to cluster 0 is 12.041595
The distance from pattern 16 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 64.0000+ 64.0000)
Distance from pattern 16 to cluster 1 is 11.313708
patern 16 assigned to cluster 1
The distance from pattern 17 to cluster 0 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 81.0000+ 81.0000)
Distance from pattern 17 to cluster 0 is 12.727922
The distance from pattern 17 to cluster 1 is calculated as:
d=sqrt( 64.0000+ 81.0000)
Distance from pattern 17 to cluster 1 is 12.041595
patern 17 assigned to cluster 1
The new cluster centers are now calculated as:
Cluster Center0(1/3)( .000+ .000+ .000),
(1/3)( .000+ 1.000+ 2.000)
Cluster Center1(1/15)( 1.000+ 2.000+ 1.000+ 2.000+ 2.000+ 7.000+ 7.000+ 7.000+ 8
.000+ 8.000+ 8.000+ 8.000+ 9.000+ 9.000+ 9.000),
(1/15)( .000+ 1.000+ 2.000+ 2.000+ .000+ 6.000+ 7.000+ 8.000+ 6.000+ 7.000+ 8.00
0+ 9.000+ 7.000+ 8.000+ 9.000)
Cluster centers:
ClusterCenter[0]=(0.000000,1.000000)
ClusterCenter[1]=(5.866667,5.333333)
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